SYLLABUS FOR 1ST PROFESSIONAL PART-II According to PMDC
ANATOMY
SPECIAL EMBRYOLOGY
1. Head and Neck
• Pharyngeal apparatus
(including pharyngeal arches, pharyngeal pouches &
pharyngeal clefts)
• Tongue
• Thyroid
• Parathyroid
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• Thymus
• Pituitary
• Upper respiratory system
• Face and palate
2. Body cavities
• Development of body cavities• Formation of diaphragm
3. The respiratory system
4. The cardiovascular system
• Heart• Great vessels
• Foetal circulation and changes at birth
5. The urinary system
• Development of Kidney• Urinary bladder
• Urethra
• Development of adrenal glands
6. The male reproductive system
• Testis• Genital ducts
• External genitalia
7. The female reproductive system
• Ovaries• Oviducts
• Uterus
• Vagina
• External genitalia
8. The Musclo-skeletal system
• Development of skeleton• Development of muscles
9. Development of Limbs
10. Development of Integumentary System(consisting of
development of skin and its appendages and development ofmammary glands)
11. Special Senses (eye and ear)
12. Nervous system
13. Digestive system
• Division of Gut tube• Mesenteries
• Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas, Spleen
GROSS ANATOMY
1. Head & neck2. Brain and spinal cord
3. Abdomen and pelvis
SPECIAL HISTOLOGY
• Digestive System• Respiratory System
• Urinary System
• Male Reproductive System
• Female Reproductive System
• Endocrine Glands
• Organs of Special Senses
NEURO-ANATOMY
• Spinal Cord• Medulla Oblongata
• Pons
• Mid Brain
• Cerebellum
• Thallamus
• Hypothalamus
• Basal Ganglia
• Cerebral Cortex
• Autonomic Nervous System
During study of Gross Anatomy, emphasis should be given on applied
aspect, radiological anatomy, surface anatomy and cross-sectional
anatomy.
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Bioenergetics and Biological Oxidation:
a) Endergonic and exergonic reactions, their coupling through ATP
b) Biologic oxidation and reduction, methods of electron
transferring, redox potential, enzymes and coenzymes of biologic
oxidation and reduction
c) Respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation, components of
respiratory chain, electron carriers
d) ATP synthesis coupled with electron flow, phosphorylation of
ADP coupled to electron transfer
e) The ATP-synthase, their relation to proton pump, PMF, and
active transport
f) Uncouplers and inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation
2. Introduction to Metabolism:
Metabolism of Carbohydrates
a) Glycolysis
- Phases and reactions of Glycolysis
- Energetics of Aerobic and Anaerobic gylcolysis and their
importance
- Regulation of Glycolysis
- Cori’s cycle
- The fate of Pyruvate
b) The Citric Acid Cycle
c) Reactions, energetics and regulation and importance of Citric
acid cycle
- Amphibolic nature of citric acid cycle. The anpoleratic
reactions and regulations of TCA cycle
d) Gluconeogenesis
- Important three by-pass reaction of gluconeogenesis
- Entrance of amino acids and intermediates of TCA cycle
and other nutrients as gluconeogenic substrates
- Significance of gluconeogenesis
e) Glycogen Metabolism
- Reactions of Glycogenesis and gylocogenolysis
- Importance of UDP-Glucose
- Regulation of Glycogen Synthase and Glycogen
Phosphorylase
- Glycogen phosphorylase ‘a’ and the blood glucose
sensor
- Disorders of Glycogen metabolism (Glycogen Storage
Diseases)
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f) Secondary pathways of carbohydrate (Hexose) metabolism
- Hexose Mono Phosphate Shunt, its reactions and
importance
- Glucuronic acid pathway, its reactions and importance
g) Metabolism of Fructose, Galactose and Lactose
h) Regulation of Blood Glucose Level
- Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia and their regulating factors
- Biochemistry of Diabetes Mellitus, its Laboratory findings
and Diagnosis
3. Metabolism of Lipids:
a) Mobilization and transport of fatty acids, tricylglycerol, and
sterols
b) Oxidation of fatty acids
- Activation and transport of fatty acid in the mitochondria
- B-oxidation, fate of Acetyl CoA, regulation of B-oxidation
- Other types of oxidation, i.e. alpha-oxidation, w-oxidation,
peroxisome oxidation, oxidaton of odd number carbon
containing fatty acids and Unsaturated fatty acids etc.
c) Ketogenesis
- Mechanism and utilization of Ketone bodies and
significance
- Ketosis and its mechanism
d) Biosynthesis of fatty acids
e) Eicosanoids, synthesis from Arahidonic acid, their mechanism
and biochemical functions
f) Triacylgycerol synthesis and regulation
g) Synthesis and degradation of phospholipids and their metabolic
disorders
h) Cholesterol synthesis, regulation, functions, fate of
intermediates of Cholesterol synthesis, Hypercholesterolemia,
Atherosclerosis
i) Plasma Lipoproteins, VLDL, LDL, HDL, and Chylomicrons, their
transport, functions and importance in health and disease
j) Glycolipid metabolism and abnormalities
4. Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids:
a) Amino acid oxidation, metabolic fates of amino acid,
transamination, deamination decarboxylation, deamidation and
transamination
b) Transport of amino group, role of Pyridoxal phosphate,
Glutamate, Glutamine, Alanine
c) Ammonia intoxication, Nitrogen excretion and Urea formation,
Urea cycle and its regulation, genetic defects of Urea cycle
d) Functions, pathways of amino acid degradation and genetic
disorders of individual amino acids
5. Integration and regulation of Metabolic Pathways in Different
Tissues:
6. Metabolism of Nucleotide:
a) De Novo Purine synthesis
b) Synthesis of Pyrimidine
c) Recycling of purine and pyrimidine bases (The salavage
pathway)
d) Degradation of purine, formation of Uric acid
e) Disorders of purine nucleotide metabolism
7. Biochemical Genetics (Informational Flow in the Cell):
a) The structural basis of the cellular information
b) DNA, Chromosomes, Discovery and organization of DNA in
Genomes
c) Super coiling of DNA
d) The replication of DNA (DNA dependant DNA synthesis)
- DNA polymerase, its components and functions
- Initiation, elongation and termination of Replication
- DNA Repair, Mutation and Cancers
e) The Transcription (DNA dependant RNA synthesis)
- RNA polymerase, its components and functions
- Initiation, elongation and termination of transcription
- RNA processing
- RNA dependant synthesis of RNA and DNA
- Reverse transcription — DNA synthesis from Viral RNA
- Retroviruses in relation to Cancer and AIDS
f) The Translation (Protein Synthesis)
- The genetic codes and their characteristics
- Initiation, elongation and termination of protein synthesis
- Post-translational modification
- Regulation of Gene Expression
g) Molecular biology technology
- DNA isolation
- DNA-recombinant technology
- Hybridization, blotting techniques
h) Genetic disorders
8. Biochemistry of Endocrine System:
a) Chemistry, Secretion, Mechanism of action, regulation and
effect on Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Mineral and water
metabolism and disorders of various endocrine glands
9. Nutrition:
a) Caloric requirements of the body
b) Balanced Diet
c) Protein Energy Malnutrition
- Marasmus
- Kwashiorkor
- Marsmic-Kwashiorkor
d) Nutritional requirements in:
- Pregnancy
- Lactation
- New born
- In nutritional disorders
Laboratory Practicals
Chemical analysis of Urine-Normal and abnormal specimens
8. The techniques and instrumentation of clinical biochemistry
a) Spectrophotometry
b) Flame photometry
c) UV Spectrophotometry
d) PH metery
e) Collection and preservation of clinical specimens
9. Estimation and clinical interpretation of:
a) Blood Glucose
b) Glucose Tolerance Test (Demonstration)
10. Determination of Amino acids in Urine by Paper
Chromatography (Demonstration)
11. Estimation of various biochemical parameters in blood
(urea,uric acid, creatinine, billirubin ,Protein, cholesterol and
electrolytes)
12. Measurements of plasma enzymes (ALT, AST, LDH, CK, ALP
and amylase
PHYSIOLOGY
Nervous system
Organization of Nervous system Significance of Dermatomes
Classification of nerve fibres
Properties of Synaptic transmission
Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
Types and function of sensory receptors Receptors &
Neurotransmitters (applied
aspect)
Functions of spinal cord, ascending tracts
Reflex action/ reflexes Interpretation of Reflexes
Muscle spindle / muscle tone UMN/LMN Lesion-features
and localisation
Tactile, temperature and pain sensations
Structure of cerebral cortex
Injuries and diseases of spinal
cord, Analgesia system
Sensory Cortex Disorders of cranial nerves
Motor Cortex
Motor pathways, (Pyramidal & extra
pyramidal)
Hemiplegia/Paraplegia
Basal Ganglia, connections and functions Parkinsonism & other lesions
of basal ganglia
Cerebellum, connections and functions Cerebellar Disorders
Vestibular Apparatus/Regulation of Posture
& Equilibrium
Sleep Disorders
Reticular formation
Physiology of sleep/EEG
Physiology of memory Higher mental function
assessment
Physiology of speech Abnormalities of speech
Thalamus-Nuclei & functions Thalamic syndrome
Hypothalamus & limbic System Lesion of Hypothalamus
Cerebrospinal fluid
Regulation of body temperature
Functions of skin Hydrocephalus
Autonomic Nervous System
Physiology of aging
Special senses
Structure & functions of eye-ball Intraocular pressure &
Glaucoma
Optical Principles
Accommodation of eye
Errors of refraction Visual acuity
Photochemistry of vision
Colour vision/night blindness Colour blindness, fundoscopy
Dark and light adaptation
Neural function of Retina
Visual pathway, light reflex and pathway
Visual cortex
Field of vision and lesions of
visual pathway
Intraocular fluids
Eye movements and control
Visual evoked potentials and
electroretinogram
Physiological anatomy of cochlea
Functions of external & middle Ear
Functions of inner Ear-Organ of Corti
Auditory pathway Hearing test audiometry
Physiology of smell- receptors and pathway Types of deafness
Physiology of taste Auditory evoked potentials
Olfaction/taste abnormalities
Endocrinology
General principles(classification,
mechanism of action, feed back control)
Acromegaly, Giantism
Biosynthesis, transport, metabolism, actions
and control of secretion of hormones of:
Hormonal assay
Hypthalamus
Anterior Pituitary Dwarfism
Posterior Pituitary Panhypopituitarism
Thyroid gland Sheehan’s syndrome
Parathyroid, calcitonin Diabetes insipidus
Adrenal Medulla Syndrome of inappropriate
ADH secretion
Andrenal Cortex Myxoedema, Cretinism,
thyrotoxicosis
Pancreas
GIT Pheochromocytoma
Pineal gland Cushing’s syndrome, Conn’s
syndrome
Thymus Addision’s disease,
Adrenogenital syndrome
Kidney Diabetes Mellitus
&Hypoglycemia
Physiology of growth Zollinger Ellison’s syndrome
Reproduction
Functional anatomy of Male reproductive
system
Chromosomal abnormalities
Spermatogenesis
Semen analysis Male infertility
Erection and ejaculation
Testosterone
Male puberty
Oogenesis and functional anatomy of
female gonads
Oestrogen & Progesterone Female infertility
Menstrual cycle Contraception
Puberty and Menopause Pregnancy Tests
Pregnancy — Physiological changes in
mother during pregnancy
Placenta
Parturition
Lactation
Neonatal Physiology
EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY
Nervous System
Examination of superficial reflexes
Examination of deep reflexes
Examination of sensory, motor system
Clinical examination of cranial nerves
Special Senses
Field of vision by confrontation method
Field of vision by Perimetry
Light reflex
Ophthalmoscopy
Visual acuity
Colour Vision
Hearing tests
Audiometry
Taste Sensation
Olfaction sensation
Frog’s Nerve & Muscle
Simple muscle twitch (SMT) in frog and effect of temperature
Effect of fatigue on muscle contraction
Tatanization in frog’s muscle (Demonstration)
Effect of two successive stimuli on SMT (Demonstration)
Effect of preload and after load on SMT (Demonstration)
Determination of velocity of conduction in
sciatic nerve (Demonstration)
Use of Physiograph (polygraph)
Elicit fatigue in human index finger
First Professional MBBS Part-II Examination:
To be held at the end of the 2nd year in the following subjects in course
work completed in the second year:
a) Anatomy
One Paper: 90 Marks
Internal Evaluation 10 Marks
Oral & Practical 90 Marks
Internal Evaluation 10 Marks
Total 200 Marks
(b) Physiology
One Paper: 90 Marks
Internal Evaluation 10 Marks
Practical & Oral Exam: 90 Marks
Internal Evaluation 10 Marks
Total 200 Marks
(c) Biochemistry
One Paper: 45 Marks
Internal Evaluation 5 Marks
Oral & Practical 45 Marks
Internal Evaluation 5 Marks
Total 100 Marks
In KEMU, Biochemistry marks are 200 like anatomy and physiology.
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