Anatomy (Important Topics)

Well, anything can be important from examiner’s point of view but the topics repeated and important most of the time are as follows:

   Gross Anatomy:

    Bones:

          Never compromise in this part as almost every region has some bone. Some bones are done separately while hand,foot,pelvis are done as a whole.Their anatomical position, side determination,features and attachments,clinicals are important in vivas as well as spotting(osteology and X-rays). A bone or any viscera is to be held according to your anatomical position, not according to examiner’s anatomical position. Ossification of some exceptional bones i.e. clavicle (first bone to ossify and ossify in membrane), femur (secondary centre for lower end appear at end of 9^th month of IU life), humerus etc. is important. Law of ossification is very important. Sesamoid bones are also important.

   Muscles:          

           Muscles of every region are important. Their origin, insertion, nerve supply, actions and their clinicals are important from written, viva and spotting point of view. Muscles of dual supply are important like brachialis, adductor magnus, pectineus (hybrid muscles).

  Nerves:

          Each and every nerve is important. Their root value, origin, course, termination, branches, areas of supply, plexuses, injury clinicals, regional nerve blocks are important. Cutaneous nerves and dermatomes of every region are important. Important are the nerves in contact with the bone.

 Blood vessels:

          You must know the beginning, course, termination, branches, tributaries, anastomosis and arterial arches, venous plexus and their communications (if any). Their injury clinicals are also important for PBQs (problem based questions). Always remember:  Profunda Femoris artery is the chief artery of thigh and Femoral artery is the chief artery of whole of the lower limb.

 Lymph Nodes:

         Lymph nodes and lymphatics of every region are important as the infection etc. can spread through them to the remote places of the body.

  Joints:

         All the joints are important. Their type, articular surfaces, factors stabilizing a joint i.e. ligaments, articular discs etc., relations, blood,nerve,lymphatic supply, movements, muscles producing movements, axes of movements, clinical deformities are important. Locking and interlocking mechanism of the knee joint is very important.

        If you have limited time for revision then just go through bones, muscle tables, joints, nerves, blood vessels and clinicals (given in appendix at the end of each region in ‘B D Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy’).

  Miscellaneous:

           Breast

           Clavipectoral fascia

           Boundaries and Contents of Axilla

           Brachial plexus & its  Diagram        

           Carrying angle

           Movements of Thumb

           Rotator Cuff of Shoulder and its Importance

           Intermuscular spaces

           Anastomosis around scapula, elbow joint, knee joint and on the back of thigh.

           Cubital and Popliteal Fossa

           Bursae, Sheaths and their clinical importance.

            Vincula Longa and Brevia

            Flexor, Extensor and Peroneal Retinacula

            Palmar and Plantar Aponeurosis

            Spaces of Hand

            Anatomical snuff box

            Dorsal Digital Expansion

            Difference b/w midinguinal point & midpoint of inguinal ligament

            False pelvis & true pelvis

            Fascia Lata

            Femoral triangle

            Adductor canal

            Structures under the cover of gluteus maximas

            Trochanteric and cruciate anastomosis

            Structures passing through greater and lesser sciatic foramina

            Arches of Foot.

           Inlet & outlet of thorax

           Respiratory movements

           Wall of thorax

           Azygos & Hemiazygos veins & their clinical importance

           Lungs & Pleurae

           Mediastinum

          Pericardium & heart (diagram of arterial supply of heart)

          Trachea & Esophagus

          Diaphragm (from BD volume 2, chapter 26)

    Clinicals:

           Its better to do the clinicals from KLM notes available at the photocopier. Following are some of the important clinicals:

             Fractures of Humerus, Radius (Colles fracture), Ulna, Hip bone, Femur, Sprain of ankle joint due to high heels.

             Peau d’orange appearance (breast)

             Carcinoma of Breast

             Horner’s syndrome

             Dawbarn’s sign

             Poland syndrome

             Paralysis of Serratus Anterior, Latissimus Dorsi, Deltoid, Gluteus maximus, medius, minimus (gait disturbances)

             Injury to axillary nerve, spinal accessory nerve, radial nerve (wrist drop), median nerve (carpal tunnel syndrome), ulnar nerve (claw hand), superior gluteal nerve, common fibular nerve (foot drop), sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve

             Injury to axillary vein

             Brachial Plexus Injuries

             Clinical significance of cubital fossa

             Tennis elbow, Pulled Elbow, Student’s elbow

             Measurement of Radial pulse

             Funny bone-Medial Epicondyle-why?

             Duputren Contracture

             Tenosynovitis

             Dermatoglyphics

             Frozen shoulder

            Coxa Vara & Coxa Valga, Genu Valgam & Genu Varum

            Bipartite & Tripartite patella

            Knee jerk, Biceps jerk & Ankle jerk reflex

            Femoral Hernia

            Accessory Obturator Artery

           Intragluteal & Intradeltoid Injections

           Venous return from leg (peripheral heart)

           Varicose veins

           Housemaid’s Knee, Clergyman’s knee

           Clubfoot

           Foot drop

           Sciatica

           Referred pain of hip joint

           Shenton’s line

           Aspiration of Hip joint

           Claw toe, mallet toe, hammer toe.

           Pes planus & pes cavus

           Unhappy triad (very important)

           Fresher’s syndrome

           Thoracic inlet syndrome

           Funnel & pigeon chest

          Disc prolapse

          Posture changes in dyspnoea

          Angina Pectoris

          Cardiac Referred pain

          Myocardial Infarction

          Thoracocentesis

          Pleurisy, Pneumothorax, Haemothorax

          Carina

          Mediastinal syndrome

          Valvular heart diseases (Stenosis & regurgitation)

          Precordium

          Cor pulmonale

          Aortic aneurysm, Co-arctation of aorta, Patent Ductus Arteriosus

          Tracheal tug

         Flail Chest

         Sternal Biopsy

         Cardiac tamponade

        Pericardial rub, Pericardial Effusion, Pericardiocentesis 

   Surface Anatomy:

        Axillary & Brachial arteries

        Flexor & Extensor Retinaculum

        Anterior and Posterior Tibial Arteries

        Great & Short Saphenous Veins

        Dorsalis Pedis Artery

        Sciatic & Tibial Nerve

        Extensor & Flexor Retinaculum

        Suprasternal notch & Sternal Angle

       Lungs & Pleura

       Borders of Heart

      Cardiac Valves and Auscultatory Areas (The tricuspid area is left 4^th intercostal space close to sternum) (Do it from Netter’s Atlas as        given incorrect in BD)     

    

      Histology:

      Cytoplasmic Inclusions

      Cell Junctions

      Epithelium & Glands

      Connective Tissue (Cells, Fibres, Classification)

      Muscular & Nervous Tissue

      Circulatory System

      Lymphoid Tissue

      Thick & Thin Skin

     General Embryology:

       Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis

       Comparison of Gametes

       Ovarian & Menstrual Cycle

       Acrosome Reaction & Capacitation

       Sperm Counts

       Fertilization

       Chorionic Sac & Chorionic Villi Development

       Implantation & its Sites

       Ectopic Pregnancies

       Placenta Previa (very important)

       Derivatives of Germ Layers

       Notochord

       Neurulation

       Somitogenesis

       CVS Development

       Folding of Embryo

       Procedures for Assessing Fetal Status

       Placenta (very important): See which part (maternal or fetal) is asked

       Placental Anomalies

       Parturition

       Amnion, Amniotic fluid & their abnormalities

       Multiple pregnancies (very important)

   

        General Anatomy:

        Burns (from KLM or lecture notes)

        Bones (Functions, Classification, Parts of a developing long bone, Blood Supply)

        Rule of direction of Nutrient Foramen

        Types of Cartilage

        General & Skeletal Muscle Classification

        Aponeurosis

        Structure Related to muscles

        Joints

        Classification of Blood Vessels

        Anastomosis

        Lymphatic System

        Nervous System (Typical spinal nerve & Autonomic nervous system)

        Ossification